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Project Carried out by OSCIP
e&e:
Summary
1. Introduction
2. Details of
the Study in the Agreement Letter
2.1. Object
2.2. Specific Objectives:
2.2.1 Specific Objectives
nº 01
2.2.2 Specific Objectives
nº 02
2.2.3 Specific Objectives
nº 03
2.2.4
Specific Objectives nº 04
2.3 -
Methodology
2.3.1
Reference Top Down Approach and
(TD) Extended
Top Down Approach(TDE)
2.3.2
Sectorial Bottom-Up Approach(BU)
2.3.3
Articulation with Specific Studies
2.3.4
Emissions per Unit of the Federation
2.4. Details
of the Activities
2.4.1
Activities of Objective 1: Reference
Approach and
Reference Extended
(TD and TDE)
2.4.2
Activities of Objective 2 - Bottom-Up (BU)
Sectorial
Approach
2.4.3
Activities of Objective 3 – Articulation and Consolidation of Specific Studies
2.4.4
Activities of Objective 4 – Evaluation of Emissions in the
States
2.5.
Description of products to be developed
2.5.1
Technical Notes
2.5.2 Reports
2.5.3
Spreadsheets of Results
2.5.4 Specification of
Products
For
elaborating the Brazilian Declaration to the United Nations Framework
Convention on Climate Change the Ministry of Science and Technology – MCT,
and the United Nations Program for Development – PNUD, have signed an
agreement that resulted in the Project BRA/05/G31 of which MCT is the
executive agency. The program has resources from GEF (Global Environment
Facility).
The e&e
Civil Organization of Public Interest – OSCIP, MCT and PNUD have signed
the Agreement Letter Nº 4700003495/2006 regarding studies for subsidizing
the preparation of the National Inventory of Antropic Emissions of
Greenhouse Effect Gases for the Energy Sector (Reference Top-Down – TD,
Approach and Bottom-Up – BU, Sectorial Approach) and for the articulation
with the other studies in the energy area. A series of complementary
studies to be conducted by e&e – OSCIP, will complement data relative to
Brazil (characteristics of fuel, equipment and processes) related to
emission coefficients of the different greenhouse effect gases.
In the
present report are described the methodology and the products of the
studies foreseen in the Agreement Letter in which e&e –
OSCIP, is the technical executive partner, as well as the methodology of
articulation with other studies in the energy area and the products to be
generated by them.
Elaboration
of Reference Studies for subsidizing the preparation of the do National
Inventory of Antropic Emissions of Greenhouse Effect Gases for the Energy
Sector (Reference Top-Down – TD, Approach, Sectorial Bottom-Up – BU,
Approach) and articulation with the other studies in the energy area.
Survey of CO2
Emissions in the Energy Sector in Brazil by the Reference Approach
(Top-Down) in the 1990 - 2000 period, and updating and revision from 1990
to 1994.
Survey of Greenhouse Effect
Gases in the Energy Sector by the Sectorial Approach (Bottom-Up) in
the 1990 – 2000 period, and updating and revision from 1990 to 1994.
Articulation
with the sectorial studies proposed in the BRA/05/G31/1G/A/01 project in
the energy area aiming at improving the Bottom-Up Approach and collecting
elements that contribute to the upgrading of the Second National
Communication to the Convention on Climate Change.
Elaboration
of state energy balances by the Reference Extended Approach (see item
2.3.1.that follows) and by the Sectorial Approach established by the IPCC
using emission factors estimated at the national levels (1990 and 2000
years).
The
methodology to be used is that described in the Revised 1996 Guidelines
of the Intergovernmental Pannell on Climate Change (IPCC) [Ref.1] and
elaborated in the Guide of Good Practice for the Inventory of Greenhouse
Effect Gases of IPCC [Ref 2]. As a consistency test it will be used the
carbon balance previously developed by
e&e.
It will be
also estimated the emissions in the States of the Federation by the
Reference Extended Approach and the Sectorial Approach using emission
factors applied to data of the States Energy Balance calculated for two
years using data from the National Energy Balance – BEN. The main aspects
of this methodology are described below.
The results
will be presented as reports complemented by specific Technical Notes –
TN, of each phase of the study, produced in the ambit of the project or
through contracting of external advisers and whenever necessary they will
be annexed to the intermediary and final reports.
The Extended
Top-Down (TDE) Approach consists of applying to the energy balance the
approximation used in the Reference Approach(TD) established by the IPCC.
The TD approach is limited to the total energy supply and it is used to
calculate the carbon mass that enters and leaves the energy system of a
country. A simplified correction of the non-oxidized and of the retained
carbon in non-energy applications gives a first approximation of the
carbon mass emitted to the atmosphere in the form of carbon dioxide (CO2).
The TDE approach extends this treatment to the production, transformation
and use phases and therefore permits to estimate sectorial CO2
emissions by type of fuel. These results can be compared to the IPCC
Sectorial Approach through the carbon balance.
In these
approaches it will be used the National Energy Balance (BEN) from 1990 to
2000. The emission parameters and factors used in the previous inventory
(from 1990 to 1994) in the TD approach will be revised and complemented by
external measurements results. The emission factors of the extended
Top-Down approach will be the base for calculating the CO2
state emissions.
In the
Bottom-Up approach it is used the transformation and consumption data from
the National Energy Balance and from the Useful Energy Balance and data
from specific studies of the energy transformation and use sectors in
order to calculate the different gases of the greenhouse effect gases. The
Useful Energy Balance gives the destination of each energy source (in
final energy) by type of use for the different sectors as well as the
respective efficiency. Of the destinations available only those concerning
process heat, direct heating and motive power
that indicate the technology used (boiler or heater, oven or dryer
and engines or turbines, respectively) are of interest in what regards
emissions. A residual application of fuels that contain carbon for
illumination (where electricity is not available) is also considered. The
identification of the use and characteristics of the sectors permits to
infer the equipment used and therefore to use the emission coefficients
recommended by IPCC.
In the
approach recommended for the present phase (IPCC Tier 2) it is tried to
establish coefficients adequate for Brazil. It should be remembered that
the peculiarities of each country in what regards emissions are connected
with the difference of the fuels used and/or the characteristics of the
equipment of use and transformation. Sectorial studies can better identify
the equipment used and the emission coefficients in the Brazilian
conditions.
In the
Sectorial Approach (Bottom-Up) it will be considered data from the
consolidated energy balance and the values calculated for the national
emissions inventory (from the Initial Brazilian Communication) as well as
the value calculated in the present study. To complement emission data in
the energy area, the sectorial studies proposed in the BRA/05/G31/1G/A/01
project in the energy use area, as well as others studies for subsidizing
the inventory, will be concentrated on the following information:
differences in the fuels used and characteristics of equipment and
technologies used in Brazil. In the case where specific studies are not
available, the coefficients recommended by IPCC or those from previous
studies will be used.
In the
systematization to be used in the present study, the consolidated
emissions data will be used to deduce emission coefficients per fuel and
per sector that will be used in the states emissions.
The
interaction of the present study with the others in the energy area in the
framework of the Second Inventory is necessary so that the results can be
used in the emission calculations. For this purpose the terms of reference
of the already proposed studies in the ambit of the present project will
be revised, some questions will be suggested and it will be specified the
form in which the results should be presented so that they can be directly
used in the emissions evaluation. It will be also presented suggestions of
terms of reference for additional studies.
2.3.4
Emissions per Unit of the
Federation (UF)
In the
calculation of national emissions of greenhouse effect gases by the
Bottom-Up approach it will be obtained emission coefficients for each gas
per energy unit and type of fuel for the different sectors of the economy.
These national coefficients will be used to obtain a first approximation
of the of the UF emissions. The state data will be obtained from the
National Energy Balance – BEN.
The activities listed below
are proposed for specific objectives and the corresponding products are
mentioned between parenthesis.
Figure 1 shows the scheme of
the study as well as the complementary studies to be carried out by
e&e
and other institutions. Some of these studies are proposed for Project
BRA/05/G31/1G/A/01 (continuous text boxes). The other studies are
suggested to complement it (discontinuous text boxes).
2.4.1.
Activities of Objective 1:
Reference and Extended Reference Approaches (TD and TDE)
-
Revise
previous studies
for the Initial National Communication (inventory and specific studies
about carbon content);
-
Choose the
coefficients:
comparison of coefficients used in the inventory with those from IPCC,
identifying revision needs; survey of previous studies regarding carbon
content in energy sources aiming at their use in the present phase l;
compilation of the National Energy Balance data base. In this study
experimental studies are not foreseen but some research institutions will
be consulted;
Scheme 1: Emissions Calculation in the Energy Sector
for the Inventory of the Second National Communication
-
Estimate
Carbon Emissions by the TDE process;
survey the emissions by the TDE process at the national level (based on
the Carbon Balance methodology), incorporating the necessary revisions
aiming at upgrading preliminary results regarding carbon content using
this process in the energy transformation and use and calculating carbon
emissions (Report 2);
-
Organize a
seminar
for
disseminating and discussing the TDE methodology and the results of Carbon
Balance;
-
Obtain
coefficients
adequate for the characteristics of the fuels used in Brazil per year
using the characteristics of the energy sources that are produced,
imported and exported;
-
Estimate the
emissions of greenhouse effect in the energy area by the TD Approach
using BEN data and revised coefficients and present a reference report for
the National Inventory using the Tier 2 Reference Approach (Report 3)
-
Revise the
transformation coefficients (secondary products formed and carbon
emissions in the process) for energy sources in the country using specific
studies;
-
Calculate CO2
and carbon emissions using energy sources and coefficients data
adopted by the TDE methodology with revised (transformation and emission)
coefficients at the national level (Report 4);
-
Elaborate
emissions coefficients tables to be used in the units of the federation,
for each year, in the calculation of the state emissions using state
energy balance data.
·
Revise
sectorial studies made for the Initial Inventory.
Survey of the previous studies regarding carbon content per energy source
as well as critical revision and evaluation of these studies – some of
them not used in the Inventory – aiming at their use in the present phase;
comparison of the coefficients used in the Inventory with the default
coefficients of IPCC and identification of where these specific
coefficients were used;
·
Preliminary calculation of emissions by the BU process using sectorial
coefficients , and using the software developed by
e&e
(using revised coefficients of the initial inventory), whose preliminary
emission results regarding greenhouse effect gases (CO2, CO, NOX,
N2O, CH4 and NMVOCs) will be the base for
elaborating terms of reference for sectorial studies.
(Report 1).
(Note: Reports are numbered in the foreseen chronological presentation
order)
·
Use the
Useful Energy Balance to discriminate uses per energy source and per
sector
and identify the equipment used in each sector and type of use, looking
for determining the adequate emission coefficients (non-CO2
gases) starting with values recommended by IPCC and calculating emissions
by the Bottom-Up process;
·
Consolidate data of the available sectorial studies
concerning emissions of greenhouse effect, checking the effect on the
emission coefficients (per energy source, per sector and per use) and
revising their values, whenever the case;
·
Elaborate
an estimate of Bottom-Up emissions per sector, using sectorial
coefficients and per energy source
in order to compare the TDE results with revised coefficients, solving the
eventual detected incoherence using the Carbon Balance (Report 5);
·
Consolidate the BU coefficients
(per energy source and per sector) that will be used for the emissions of
the units of the federation.
-
Evaluate the terms of
reference of the sectorial studies
foreseen in the BRA/05/G31
project and propose modifications so that they will be adequate to be
used in the inventory, if necessary;
In the transformation
area:
-
Ethanol Production;
-
Charcoal Production;
-
Electricity Generation
in Thermoelectric Plants;
-
Refineries;
·
In the
utilization area:
-
Road Transport;
-
Air Transport;
-
Other areas
-
To be suggested by the
evaluation of results of the preliminary calculation of emissions by
the BU process, where it is expected to detect the most relevant
sectors regarding the inventory and where the peculiarities of the
country demand complementary studies.
-
Additional sectorial
studies should be indicated by the MCT, for which a preliminary list
is considered: Residential, Commercial and Public; Industrial (with
emphasis on Steelworks, Food and Beverage, Chemical Industry);
Agriculture and Husbandry; Waterways and Rail Roads Transport.
-
Consolidate the
results de sectorial studies
to determine emission coefficients.
-
Compile state energy
balances for
two (2) years - 1990 and 2000 - , in the periods of 60 and 90 days
respectively, and for each year. It will be elaborated 28 matrices (49
energy sources x 47 accounts), one for each UF and the other for Brazil,
in the original units and in toe (tonne oil equivalent), using the
National Energy Balance and the State Energy Balance that are available
(NT1 EE1, NT2 EE);
-
Develop methodology for
state emissions in order to calculate emissions using state balances
and national emissions coefficients for the TDE and BU methodologies;
-
Obtain emissions of
greenhouse effect gases for the UFs (Report 6), using TDE and BU
(national) coefficients.
§
NTEE1 –
Compilation of the state energy balance for the year 1990 composed of 28
matrices - 49 (energy sources) x 47 (accounts) - in original units and toe
(Objective 4);
§
NTEE2 -
Compilation of the state energy balance for the year 2000 composed of 28
matrices - 49 (energy sources) x 47 (accounts) - in original units and toe
(Objective 5);
§
NTES1 –
Elaboration or revision proposal of Terms of Reference for Sectorial
Studies.
-
Report 1 –
Revision of Bottom-Up emissions with preliminary results for the
1990-2000 period;
-
Report 2 -
Preliminary Results for Top-Down Extended emissions;
-
Report 3 –
Reference report to subsidize the preparation of the National Inventory of
greenhouse effect gases emissions from 1990 to 2000 using the Top-Down -
Tier 2 approach;
-
Report 4 –
Results of the Top Down Extended Report revised at the national level;
-
Report 5 –
Reference report to subsidize the preparation of the National Inventory of
greenhouse effect gases emissions from 1990 to 2000 using the Bottom-Up
approach ;
-
Report 6 –
Emissions of greenhouse effect gases for the UF for the years 1990 and
2000 by the coefficients method;
-
Final Report –
Consolidation of results to subsidize the preparation of the National
Inventory of Antropic Emissions of Greenhouse Effect Gases for the Energy
Sector.
Spreadsheets 1: Spreadsheets
of greenhouse effect gases in the energy área by the Top-Down approach
;
Spreadsheets 2: Spreadsheets
of greenhouse effect gases in the energy área by the Bottom-Up approach.
Final Product:
Reference report subsidize
the preparation of the of the greenhouse effect gases emissions inventory
in the energy area using the (i) Top-Down (TD) and (ii)
Bottom-Up (BU) methodologies.
Characteristics of
Reports and Technical Notes:
The partial reports will present the results in a transparent way and
should contain in Annex all the basic data used and their individual
sources so that they can be directly used for making the inventory. The
reports will be printed and will be also presented in electronic format so
that they can be edited. The methodology should be detailed and should
contain all the adopted criteria that permits the reproduction of results.
Each document should contain summary, introduction and conclusion. All
graphics, tables and figures should have title, legend and be included in
a specific summary. The document should have complete bibliographic
references that were mentioned along the document and a list of all the
participating staff (direct or indirect participation).
Characteristics of
Spreadsheets:
The spreadsheets should present results and the explicit input data, the
coefficients used, and all intermediary steps to obtain the results.
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No
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